![]() ![]() Note how light and fine the Ddc ts wings are. The arrows point to double hair cells on the Ddc ts wings. (A–C) Micrographs of adult wings from Oregon R, Ddc ts raised at 25° and Ddc ts raised at 29°. Note also that the 24- and 32-hr expression patterns cluster together compared to the 40-hr pattern. Note that more than two-thirds of the genes that show substantially higher expression at 40 hr than at 24 hr or 32 hr fall into group 2. Only genes whose expression changed fivefold ( P = 0.05) are included. (K) The clustering analysis (from Dchip) for the replicate 24-, 32-, and 40-hr samples. ![]() Note that more genes show highly increased levels of expression at 40 hr than at 24 hr. As might be expected the greatest differences are seen in the 40-hr vs. Note the good agreement in expression levels in the 32-hr replicates. (G) Replicate experiments for 32-hr wing RNA. ![]() The diagonal lines represent 3- and 10-fold differences in expression. Only genes/RNAs scored as present are plotted. (G–J) Scatter plots from Affymetrix gene chip experiments. Note that at 24 hr no hairs have started to form, at 32 hr short bright staining hairs are visible, and at 40 hr the hairs are longer, thinner, and do not stain quite as brightly as at 32 hr. (D–F) Higher-magnification images of the same wings. The flattening of the wing cells results in the increased size of the wing at 40 hr vs. All images are shown at the same magnification. (A–C) Low-magnification images of 24-, 32-, and 40-hr pupal wings stained with a fluorescent phalloidin. Gene expression during wing differentiation. The collection of identified genes should be a valuable data set for future studies on hair and bristle morphogenesis, cuticle synthesis, and planar polarity. Among the phenotypes seen were a delay in hair initiation, defects in hair maturation, defects in cuticle formation and pigmentation, and abnormal wing hair polarity. New phenotypes were found for 9 of these genes, providing functional validation for the collection of identified genes. As a functional validation we chose 10 genes where genetic reagents existed but where there was little or no evidence for a wing phenotype. ![]() We identified 435 genes whose expression changed at least fivefold during this period and 1335 whose expression changed at least twofold. Pupal wing RNA was isolated from tissue prior to, during, and after hair growth and used to probe Affymetrix Drosophila gene chips. We carried out a gene expression screen to identify candidate genes that functioned in wing and wing hair morphogenesis. The simple cellular composition and array of distally pointing hairs has made the Drosophila wing a favored system for studying planar polarity and the coordination of cellular and tissue level morphogenesis. ![]()
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